Dental fluorosis in adolescents from Educational Institutions of Lima, Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59334/ROV.v1i38.523Keywords:
Prevalence, Fluoride, Dental fluorosis, Dental caries, EpidemiologyAbstract
Introduction: Dental fluorosis is an endemic pathology caused by the excessive ingestion of fluorides that can produce an alteration during the development of the enamel and is considered an important public health problem because it affects the oral and systemic health of the population. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and levels of dental fluorosis in school children between 12 and 15 years of age belonging to two educational institutions in Lima, Peru. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, the sample consisted of 252 students between 12 and 15 years of age from two educational centers in Lima. Sampling was by systematic selection of sample elements. Dental fluorosis was evaluated using the Dean Index. To determine the frequency and levels of dental fluorosis a clinical oral examination was carried out and a previously validated questionnaire was developed. Results: The frequency of dental fluorosis was 44.8% (n=113) affecting more males by 27.39% (n=69) and adolescents aged 13 years (15.1%). In relation to the levels of fluorosis, the "very mild" type predominated (34.9%). An association was also found between the presence and level of fluorosis with the number of fluoride applications (p<0.05). In addition, Dean's community fluorosis index was reported to be 0.43. Conclusions: In the school population evaluated, the frequency of fluorosis was 44.8% and the predominant level of fluorosis was very mild. In addition, the community index was 0.43, which indicated a borderline level of public health importance. Therefore, it can be considered that the number of topical fluoride applications received by the population without adequate planning could become a risk factor for causing dental fluorosis.
Downloads
References
Aguilar-Díaz, F., Morales-Corona, F., Cintra-Viveiro, A. C., & Fuente-Hernández, J. (2017). Prevalence of dental fluorosis in Mexico 2005-2015: a literature review. Salud publica de Mexico, 59(3), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.21149/7764
Aimée, N. R., van Wijk, A. J., Maltz, M., Varjão, M. M., Mestrinho, H. D., & Carvalho, J. C. (2017). Dental caries, fluorosis, oral health determinants, and quality of life in adolescents. Clinical oral investigations, 21(5), 1811-1820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1964-3
Akuno, M. H., Nocella, G., Milia, E. P., & Gutierrez, L. (2019). Factors influencing the relationship between fluoride in drinking water and dental fluorosis: a ten-year systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of water and health, 17(6), 845-862. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.300
Al-Omoush, S. A., Al-Tarawneh, S., Abu-Awwad, M., Sartawi, S., Elmanaseer, W., & Alsoleihat, F. (2021). Comparison of oral health indicators between two places of endemic dental fluorosis in Jordan. The Saudi dental journal, 33(7), 707-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.04.004
Al Warawreh, A. M., Al Tamimi, Z. H., Al Qatawna, M. I., Al Momani, A. A., Al Mhaidat, M. R., El Naji, W. S., & AlSaraireh, S. (2020). Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among Southern Jordanian Population. International journal of dentistry, 2020, 8890004 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8890004
Angulo, M., Cuitiño, E., Molina-Frechero, N., & Emilson, C. G. (2020). The association between the prevalence of dental fluorosis and the socio-economic status and area of residence of 12-year-old students in Uruguay. Acta odontologica Scandinavica, 78(1), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016357.2019.1642514
Armas-Vega, A., González-Martínez, F. D., Rivera-Martínez, M. S., Mayorga-Solórzano, M. F., Banderas-Benítez, V. E., & Guevara- Cabrera, O. F. (2019). Factors associated with dental fluorosis in three zones of Ecuador. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 11(1), e42-e48.https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.55124
Arora, S., Kumar, J. V., & Moss, M. E. (2018). Does water fluoridation affect the prevalence of enamel fluorosis differently among racial and ethnic groups?. Journal of public health dentistry, 78(2), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12258
Buzalaf M. (2018). Review of Fluoride Intake and Appropriateness of Current Guidelines. Advances in dental research, 29(2), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034517750850
Daneshpooy, M., Jafari-navimpour, E., Rahbar, M., & Parhizgar, J. (2018). Fluoride levels of urban water in Western Azerbaijan province in 2017. Advances in bioscience and clinical medicine, 6(4), 10. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.v.6n.4p.10
Di Giovanni, T., Eliades, T., & Papageorgiou, S. N. (2018). Interventions for dental fluorosis: A systematic review. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry: official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.], 30(6), 502-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12408
Dong, H., Yang, X., Zhang, S., Wang, X., Guo, C., Zhang, X., Ma, J., Niu, P., & Chen, T. (2021). Associations of low level of fluoride exposure with dental fluorosis among U.S. children and adolescents, NHANES 2015-2016. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 221, 112439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112439
Farías, P., Estevez-García, J. A., Onofre-Pardo, E. N., Pérez-Humara, M. L., Rojas-Lima, E., Álamo-Hernández, U., & Rocha-Amador, D. O. (2021). Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111490
Firmino, R. T., Bueno, A. X., Martins, C. C., Ferreira, F. M., Granville-Garcia, A. F., & Paiva, S. M. (2018). Dental caries and dental fluorosis according to water fluoridation among 12-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren: a nation-wide study comparing different municipalities. Zeitschrift Für Gesundheitswissenschaften [Journal of Public Health], 26(5), 501-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-018-0901-0
General Assembly of the World Medical Association (2014). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 81(3), 14-18.
James, P., Harding, M., Beecher, T., Browne, D., Cronin, M., Guiney, H., O'Mullane, D., & Whelton, H. (2021). Impact of Reducing Water Fluoride on Dental Caries and Fluorosis. Journal of dental research, 100(5), 507-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520978777
Khandare, A. L., Gourineni, S. R., & Validandi, V. (2017). Dental fluorosis, nutritional status, kidney damage, and thyroid function slong with bone metabolic indicators in school-going children living in fluoride-affected hilly areas of Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(11), 579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6288-5
Kumar, S., Chauhan, A., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Gupta, A., Roy, S., & Kumari, S. C. (2018). Dental fluorosis and associated risk factors in early adolescents in India. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2017-0200
Martignon, S., Bartlett, D., Manton, D. J., Martinez-Mier, E. A., Splieth, C., & Avila, V. (2021). Epidemiology of Erosive Tooth Wear, Dental Fluorosis and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in the American Continent. Caries research, 55(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512483
Mohd Nor, N. A., Chadwick, B. L., Farnell, D., & Chestnutt, I. G. (2021). Factors associated with dental fluorosis among Malaysian children exposed to different fluoride concentrations in the public water supply. Journal of public health dentistry, 81(4), 270-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12448
Plaka, K., Ravindra, K., Mor, S., & Gauba, K. (2017). Risk factors and prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in school children of North India. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5684-6
Sah, O., Maguire, A., & Zohoori, F. V. (2020). Effect of altitude on urinary, plasma and nail fluoride levels in children and adults in Nepal. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 57, 1-8.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.09.003
Shahroom, N., Mani, G., & Ramakrishnan, M. (2019). Interventions in management of dental fluorosis, an endemic disease: A systematic review. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(10), 3108-3113.https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_648_19
Verma, A., Shetty, B. K., Guddattu, V., Chourasia, M. K., & Pundir, P. (2017). High prevalence of dental fluorosis among adolescents is a growing concern: a school based cross-sectional study from Southern India. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0624-9
World Health Organization (WHO). 2011 Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th edn. WHO, Geneva.
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate, Maricé Maribé Pardavé-Ponce, Lesly Chávez-Rimache, Carlos Erazo-Paredes, Vanessa Pérez-Jimenez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Odontología Vital agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant Universidad Latina de Costa Rica the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the Odontología Vital's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Métricas alternativas
